Summary

This photograph depicts two men posing near a shaft mine to find gold at Charley's Creek, Oaks Goldfield, Queensland. These miners appear to be clad in Crimean shirts, moleskin trousers and felt hats, which was standard among North Queensland miners of the time. The wood structures in the photograph were most likely constructed on-site from locally sourced timber. The winch and pulley system used to raise the mined ore from underground is known as a "whip," which is constructed by erecting a tall timber pole with a pulley at the top with rope threaded through the pulley and attached to the ore bucket on one end. The other end of the rope could then be attached to a horse's harness or a hand-turning windlass. The ore being mined would have been bound in a vein of quartz, which needed to be extracted underground and then carted to a local battery for crushing and condensing.
The dirt and debris raised from the shaft (known as "mullock") underground was often saved so that it could be processed using alluvial mining techniques such as dry-blowing, sluicing, cradling or panning, in order to extract as much gold as possible. The soil in the Kidston region, like many North Queensland mineral fields, had high clay content so the dirt would be mixed with water to dissolve the clay. Then this softened dirt would be put through a sluice and washed through with more water. This would wash the fine mud and clay away while the gravel and gold would be caught in the screens to await sorting. Panning, cradling and sluicing required access to large amounts of water so these alluvial mining techniques could not be used year-round, requiring successful alluvial gold miners to be skilled using both wet- and dry-processing techniques.
With reports of payable gold beginning in December 1907, the Oaks Rush was the last of the big alluvial gold rushes in North Queensland. The Oaks Goldfield encompassed roughly 1500 km2 and was located about 48 km south of Einasleigh, Queensland along the Copperfield River. While the Oaks Diggings, known as "The Knobs," was only 5 km2, the mining population peaked at 1,700 individuals, which is three to four times the estimated number it could support. The reported output of alluvial gold on The Knobs from December 1907 to December 1909 is 19,000 oz., though the actual total would have been much higher. It is well documented that determining exactly how much gold was actually found was impossible because so much gold went unreported. The Oaks Goldfield was completely surrounded by the Etheridge Goldfield and was only designated as a separate goldfield for administrative purposes. The Etheridge Shire was over 38,000 km2 and included the townships and goldfields of Cumberland, Georgetown, Charleston and Einasleigh. Due to the sporadic nature of the ore and the difficulties in mining it efficiently, goldfields in the Etheridge Shire were often designated "poor man's fields," even though well over 500,000 oz. of gold was reportedly mined there by the start of the First World War.
The photographs in this collection were taken by the Reverend Frederic Charles Hall (1878-1926) during the period 1902-1909 when he was the Anglican Curate appointed to Georgetown in North Queensland. Hall's foremost hobby was photography. He used both a half-plate camera with tripod made by J. Lancaster & Son, Birmingham and a quarter-plate Austral No. 3 made by the Australian company, Baker & Rouse. Glass negatives from Ilford and Austral were used; developing was done by the photographer himself and printing by exposure to sunlight.